流动注射分光光度法测定水中硫化物

采用流动注射分光光度法测定水中的硫化物，在酸化条件下，通过在线蒸馏释放出H：S气体，在酸性介质中与对氨基二甲基苯胺和三氯化铁反应，形成亚甲基蓝，于660nm处比色测定。方法检出限为0．004mg／L，精密度和准确度均较好，操作简便，能满足大批量水样及时准确分析的需求。     

流动注射微波在线消解分光光度法测定水中总磷

利用微波在线消解水样,将流动注射分析技术与分光光度法检测相结合,建立一种在线测定水中总磷的快速分析方法。通过对实验条件的优化,分析速率达36个/小时,检出限0.015mg/L,线性范围为0~2.0mg/L,对0.634mg/L总磷标准溶液测定11次的相对标准偏差为1.0%。应用于环境水样的测定,结果令人满意。     

流动注射氯化亚锡还原光度法测定水中总磷

建立了流动注射氯化亚锡还原光度法测定水中总磷的方法.改进了氯化亚锡的配制方法,优化了试验条件,方法检出限为0.02 mg/L,精密度与准确度均符合要求.应用该方法测定天然水样,分析速度加快,结果令人满意.     

Flow analysis of PCDD/Fs for Tarragona Province, Spain

The present study was intended to establish an inventory of PCDD/F emissions in Tarragona Province (Catalonia, NE Spain), as a preliminary phase in the development of a flow analysis of PCDD/Fs in this Province. In 1999, global PCDD/F emissions reached a value of 2.24 g I-TEQ/y, which means a density of 3.8 micrograms I-TEQ/inhabitant/y. The low amount of PCDD/Fs emitted to air by the only municipal solid waste incinerator in the Province (approximately 0.04% of the total) has been one of the most notable results. As a reflection of uncertainties in the estimates for individual sources, the 90th percentiles of PCDD/F releases for 1999 ranged up to 4.1 g I-TEQ/y.     

Identification of Pollution Source of Cadmium in Soil. Application of Material Flow Analysis and A Case Study in Taiwan (11 pp)

Background Since the 1970s, at least 200 hectares (ha) of farmland has been polluted by the heavy metal cadmium (Cd).Consequently, the Cd pollution has led to contaminate the rice production and caused acute social panic. According to the recent investigation results performed by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA), it is indicated that most of the Cd pollution incidents in Taiwan resulted from the wastewater discharge of stearate Cd factories. To prevent the Cd pollution incidents from spreading, the TEPA has either forced these factories to close down or assisted them in improving their production processes since the 1980s. Unfortunately, accidental incidents of Cd pollution still emerge in an endless stream, despite the strict governmental controls placed on these questionable factories. Whether this pollution has resulted from undetected or hidden pollution sources stemming from two decades ago or comes from some new source, will be an outstanding issue. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the pollution sources of Cd in soil in Taiwan as well as to find the solution to the above-mentioned, outstanding issue by way of a methodology termed Material Flow Analysis (MFA). Method logy. The MFA has proved to be a useful tool on providing quantitative information of the flow of substances through an economic to an environmental system. Based upon the supply-and-demand theory of MFA, researchers have successfully conducted an overview of the use of materials in many industries, the construction industry being one of these. Therefore, this study tries to establish a set of analytical processes by way of MFA for identifying the pollution source of Cd in soil in Taiwan. In addition, the spirit of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) technique was also employed to identify the materials, and products should be ignored as a crucial pollution source in this study. Results and Discussion According to the MFA methodology applied in this study and on the basis of related studies performed by Taiwanese governmental authorities, we arrive at the following analysis results: (1) the total amount of Cd from the economic perspective of material and product flow was approximately 441.2 tons; (2) the wastewater directly discharged into irrigation water can be concluded to be the major pollution route of Cd in farmland soil in Taiwan; (3) material plastic stabilizer (cadmium oxide, CdO), Zn-Pd compounds and Cu compounds should be the crucial pollution sources to contaminate environment through the route of wastewater in Cd flow analysis; (4) the crucial pollution sources to contaminate environment through the route of wastewater in Cd flow analysis were five factories, Coin, Jili, Taiwan Dye, Guangzheng and Mingguan, and they were all categorized as stearate Cd industries; (5) the typical source of the Cd pollution in soil in Changhua County through the pollution route of wastewater should be the metal surfacing process industries. Conclusions This study proved that MFA can be a good tool for identifying Cd flow as well as for recognizing the crux of the problem concerning incidents of Cd pollution. This study led to the conclusion that the causal relationship between farmland pollution caused by Cd and stearate Cd factories in Taiwan seemed quite close by way of MFA methodology. In addition, this study also found that the wastewater discharged from a single metal surfacing process factory will not cause remarkable farmland pollution. However, the wastewater simultaneously discharged from a group of pollution factories can result in a significant pollution incident. Recommendations and Outlook This case study is only a small contribution to the understanding of the toxic material flow related to Cd in the environment. This study recommends that Taiwanese governmental authorities should not deal with problems on an ad hoc basis, but should instead deal with Cd pollution problems overall employing control measures. Finally, the more accurate information or data we can collect, the more reliable results we can identify. Therefore, the quality and quantity of related data used in this MFA model should be closely scrutinized in order to ensure the most correct and comprehensive investigation on the toxic material flow.     

前混合式磨料射流喷嘴的基础研究

本文对前混合式磨料射流喷嘴进行了较为系统的研究。利用液固两相流的理论进行了磨料射流喷嘴内的流动分析，采用无量纲分析法，列出磨料粒子在喷嘴内的质量方程、运动方程和能量方程，编写了计算程序，通过计算机进行数值求解，发观了喷嘴收缩段锥角、磨料浓度对磨料粒子的加速、压力损失以及能量传递效率的影响，确定出了最优参数。根据理论分析，对几种不同几何形状、不同几何参数的喷嘴，通过改变压力、磨料浓度等参数进行寿命磨损试验，定期测量其磨损，观察喷嘴内部的磨损状况，研究了喷嘴材料、几何参数及动力参数对喷嘴磨损的影响，发现了一些新现象，通过对试验数据的分析，得出了一些有价值的结论。     

工业废水中微量镍的流动注射光度分析

采用流动注射分析技术,在柠檬酸,碘存在的氨性介质中,以丁二酮肟为显色剂,应用光度自动分析方法,测定废水中微量镍,检出限为0.3mg·l~(-1);线性范围为0.3～10mg·l~(-1);相对标准偏差<1％。     

在线分离富集FI分光光度法直接测定铜

本文针对ＡＡＳ法测定痕量铜时，大量铁存在表现干扰，研究并建立了流动注射（ＦＩ）在线螯合树脂分离富集光度法直接测定痕量铜的新方法，具有灵敏度高、选择性强；因此，已成功地用于水样中痕量铜的测定，该法在水质检验和环境监测中有一定的适用性．     

流动注射荧光猝灭法测定环境水样中痕量磷

在硫酸溶液中，P(Ⅴ)与钼酸盐、钒酸盐生成磷钼钒杂多酸，使罗丹明6G荧光猝灭，据此建立了测定痕量磷的流动注射荧光猝灭方法。方法的测定范围为2～90μg／L,进样频率为35样/h。采用本法测定环境水样中痕量磷，结果令人满意。     

没食子酸—H_2O_2—甲醛—Co(Ⅱ)化学发光体系测定钴

本文用没食子酸—H_2O_2—甲醛—CO(Ⅱ)化学发光体系建立了痕量钴的化学发光测定法.方法检出限达0.5ng/ml 钴,线性范围是1×10~(-9)—8×10~(-7)g/ml 钴,测定的相对标准偏差小于1.0%,考察了24种常见离子的干扰情况.方法已用于水样中痕量钴的测定.